Did The Lone Ranger Wear Eye Makeup

Fictional character

Lonely Ranger
Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger
Publication information
First appearance	WXYZ (January 31, 1933)
Created by	Fran Striker^[1] ^[2] George W. Trendle^[three] ^[4] ^[5]
In-story data
Change ego	Ranger John Reid
Team affiliations	Texas Ranger Division
Partnerships	Tonto
Abilities	Expert marksman^[6] Above-boilerplate athlete, horseman, hand-to-mitt combat, and chief of disguise

The Lonely Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American One-time West with his Native American friend, Tonto. The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture.^[7]

He first appeared in 1933 in a radio prove on WXYZ (Detroit), conceived either by station owner George W. Trendle^[3] ^[four] ^[v] or by Fran Striker,^[8] the show's writer.^[ix] ^[10] The radio series proved to exist a hitting, and spawned a serial of books (largely written by Striker), an every bit popular tv show that ran from 1949 to 1957, comic books, and several films. The title graphic symbol was played on the radio show by Earle Graser for some one,300 episodes, but three others preceded him, according to The New York Times: "a man named Deeds, who lasted only a few weeks; a George Stenius [really George Seaton co-ordinate to the Los Angeles Times], and then Brace Beemer; the latter became the narrator of the program.^[11] ^[8]

Clayton Moore portrayed the Lone Ranger on television, although during a contract dispute Moore was replaced for a season by John Hart, who wore a unlike style of mask. On the radio, Tonto was played past amongst others John Todd and Roland Parker. In the television receiver serial, Jay Silverheels, who was a Mohawk from the Vi Nations Indian Reserve in Ontario, Canada was cast in the office.

Origin [edit]

While details differ, the basic story of the Lone Ranger's origin is consequent in most versions of the franchise.^[8] The Alone Ranger is the sole survivor of a group of six ambushed Texas Rangers.^[12] A posse of 6 members of the Texas Ranger Partition, led by Helm Dan Reid, pursued a band of outlaws led by Bartholomew "Butch" Cavendish, but are betrayed by a civilian guide named Collins, who was secretly working with Cavendish, and led the unsuspecting rangers into an ambush at a canyon known as Bryant'south Gap.^[13] Later on, a Native American named Tonto stumbles onto the grisly scene. He discovers one of the rangers, Helm Reid's younger brother, John, barely alive, and he nurses the man to health. In some versions, Tonto recognizes the lone survivor as the human who had saved his life when they both were children. According to the television series, Tonto gave John a ring and the proper noun Kemo Sabe, which he said means "trusty spotter".^[fourteen] John Reid and so tells Tonto that he intends to chase down Cavendish and his men and to bring them to justice. To conceal his identity and honor his fallen brother, John fashions a black domino mask using cloth from his late brother's vest. To aid in the deception, Tonto digs a sixth grave and places at its head a cross bearing John Reid's proper name then that Cavendish and his gang volition believe that all the Rangers had been killed.

In many versions, Reid continues fighting for justice as the Solitary Ranger even after the Cavendish gang is captured.

Characters [edit]

The Solitary Ranger [edit]

As generally depicted, the Lone Ranger conducts himself by a strict moral code based on that put in identify by Striker at the inception of the character. It read:

I believe that to have a friend,
a man must be ane.

That all men are created equal
and that anybody has within himself
the power to make this a better earth.

That God put the firewood in that location
but that every man
must get together and calorie-free it himself.

In existence prepared
physically, mentally, and morally
to fight when necessary
for what is right.

That a man should make the nearly
of what equipment he has.

That 'this authorities,
of the people, by the people
and for the people'
shall live always.

That men should alive by
the rule of what is best
for the greatest number.

That sooner or later on...
somewhere...somehow...
we must settle with the globe
and make payment for what we have taken.

That all things change but truth,
and that truth alone, lives on forever.

In my Creator, my country, my fellow man.^[xv]

In improver, Fran Striker and George W. Trendle drew upwardly the following guidelines that embody who and what the Solitary Ranger is:^[16]

The Lone Ranger was never seen without his mask or some sort of disguise.
He was never captured or held for any length of fourth dimension by lawmen, avoiding his being unmasked.
He always used perfect grammer and precise speech communication devoid of slang and colloquialisms.
Whenever he was forced to use guns, he never shot to kill, but instead tried to disarm his opponent as painlessly as possible.
He was never put in a hopeless situation; east.1000., he was never seen escaping from a barrage of gunfire simply past fleeing toward the horizon.
He rarely referred to himself as the Alone Ranger. If someone's suspicion were aroused, either the Lone Ranger would nowadays i of his argent bullets to ostend his identity or someone else would attest on his behalf; the latter happened at the cease of most episodes when someone would ask, "Who was that masked man?" as the Lone Ranger departed. His determination to adopt the moniker of Lonely Ranger was inspired by Tonto; following the ambush at Bryant's Gap, Tonto observed him to be the only ranger left—in other words, he was the "lone" ranger.
Though the Lone Ranger offered his help to individuals or modest groups facing powerful adversaries, the ultimate objective of his story always unsaid that their benefit was only a byproduct of the development of the West or the land.
Adversaries were rarely other than American, to avoid criticism from minority groups, with some exceptions. He sometimes battled foreign agents, though their nation of origin was more often than not not named. An exception was his having helped the Mexican Benito Juárez confronting French troops of Emperor Maximilian, as occurred in the radio episodes "Supplies for Juarez" (September 18, 1939), "Hunted by Legionnaires" (September 20, 1939), and "Lafitte'south Reinforcements" (September 22, 1939).
The names of unsympathetic characters were carefully chosen and then that they never consisted of two names if it could be avoided. Mostly, a single nickname or surname was selected.
The Lone Ranger never drank or smoked, and saloon scenes were usually shown as cafes, with waiters and nutrient instead of bartenders and liquor.
Criminals were never shown in enviable positions of wealth or power, and they were never successful or glamorous.

The Lone Ranger'south first name [edit]

Although the Lone Ranger's last name in the radio shows was given as Reid, his first proper noun was never specified in any of the radio or boob tube shows. Various radio reference books, beginning with Radio'south Aureate Age (Eastern Valley Press, 1966), give the Lonely Ranger's showtime name as John.^[17] Some cite the 20th-anniversary radio program in 1953 as the source of the name, but the Lone Ranger's first name is never mentioned in that episode.^[eighteen]

In the final chapter of the 1938 Republic The Lone Ranger moving-picture show serial, he is revealed to be Texas Ranger Allen King. In the 2nd serial, The Lonely Ranger Rides Once more, he identifies himself as Pecker Andrews.

The Lone Ranger's first name is also thought to have not been mentioned in contemporary Solitary Ranger newspaper comics, comic books, and tie-in premiums, though some have stated that the proper name John Reid was used in an analogy of the grave marking fabricated past Tonto, which appeared in either a comic-book version of the character's origin story or in a children's record gear up.

The name John Reid is used in the 1981 pic The Legend of the Lone Ranger. The Lone Ranger is too John Reid in Dynamite Entertainment'due south licensed Lone Ranger comic-volume series that began in 2006, and in the 2013 Disney movie The Lonely Ranger.

The proper noun Luke Hartman was used in the 2003 TV-movie/unsold series pilot.

Tonto [edit]

The grapheme made his initial appearance in the 11th episode of the radio show. Fran Striker told his son that Tonto was added so the Lone Ranger would have someone to talk to.^[xv] He was named past James Jewell, who too came upwardly with the term "Kemosabe" based on the name of a summer camp owned by his father-in-law in upstate Michigan. In the local Native American language, "Tonto" meant "wild ane".^[19]

The grapheme spoke in cleaved English language that emphasized Tonto had learned information technology as a 2nd linguistic communication.

Because tonto means "stupid" or "ignorant" in Castilian, the character is renamed " Toro " (Spanish for "bull") or " Ponto " in Spanish-speaking countries.^[xix]

Dan Reid Jr. [edit]

The proper noun of Captain Reid'south son, the Alone Ranger'southward nephew, a character introduced in the radio serial in 1942, who became a juvenile sidekick to the Masked Man, is Dan Reid. When Trendle and Striker later created The Green Hornet in 1936, they made this Dan Reid the father of Britt Reid, allonym the Dark-green Hornet, thereby making the Lone Ranger the Green Hornet's great-uncle.^[twenty] In The Alone Ranger radio series, Dan was played by Ernest Winstanley, Bob Martin, Clarence Weitzel, James Lipton, and Dick Beals.

The Alone Ranger'southward nephew fabricated his get-go appearance in "Heading North" (December 14, 1942) nether the name Dan Frisby, the grandson of Grandma Frisby. The two lived in an area described every bit "the high edge country of the northwest" near the town of Martinsville close to the Canada–US border. This and the following iv episodes ("Design for Murder", December 16, 1942; "Rope's Cease", Dec eighteen, 1942; "Law of the Apex", Dec 21, 1942; and "Dan'southward Strange Behavior", December 23, 1942) centered on a plot to steal the valuable Martin Copper Mine and Dan'southward existence fooled by a Lone Ranger impostor into helping him steal it. The Lone Ranger and the Mounties foil the plot and capture the impostor and his gang.

In the terminal episode of the arc, "A Nephew Is Found" (December 25, 1942), dying Grandma Frisby reveals to the Lone Ranger Dan'south true identity and how he came to be with her. Fifteen years previously, Grandma Frisby had been part of a wagon train travelling to Fort Laramie. Also on that wagon train had been Linda Reid, married woman of Texas Ranger Captain Dan Reid, and her six-month-erstwhile son, Dan Jr., who were travelling from their home in Virginia to bring together her husband. Before the wagon train could reach Fort Laramie, Indians attacked it and Linda Reid was amongst those killed. Grandma Frisby took charge and care of Dan Jr., just upon reaching Fort Laramie, institute two messages waiting, one that Captain Reid (voiced in this story by Al Hodge) had been killed in an deadfall at Bryant'due south Gap and the other that her own husband had been killed in an explosion. Taking Dan and certain items concerning his identity (including a small gilded locket containing a picture of Dan's parents and a pic of Captain Reid's brother), Grandma Frisby travelled to Martinsville and raised Dan as her grandson.

On hearing this story, the Alone Ranger reveals his true identity and his own story to Grandma Frisby, and promises that he will intendance for Dan like his ain son. Before Grandma Frisby dies, the Lone Ranger removes his mask and lets her see his face up. Her last words are, "Ride on, Lonely Ranger ... ride on forever ... with Danny at your side." The Solitary Ranger takes the grieving Dan exterior the cabin, gives him the locket, and reveals their truthful relationship. Dan Reid Jr. went on to be a recurring graphic symbol throughout the residue of the series, riding with the Lone Ranger and Tonto on his own horse Victor.

Eventually, Dan Reid Jr. was sent East to gain an education, making infrequent appearances on the series whenever Fran Striker wanted to remind the audience of the family connection, and later became part of The Greenish Hornet radio serial, commencement actualization on October 22, 1936, establishing the connection betwixt the Lone Ranger and the Green Hornet in the episode "Likewise Hot to Handle" (November 11, 1947) and existence played throughout the series by John Todd, who played Tonto on The Lone Ranger radio series.

Their horses [edit]

According to the episode "The Legend of Silver" (September thirty, 1938), before acquiring Argent, the Alone Ranger rode a chestnut mare called Dusty. The Lone Ranger saves Silvery'due south life from an enraged buffalo, and in gratitude, Silver chooses to surrender his wild life to behave him.

The origin of Tonto'southward horse, Scout, is less articulate. For a long fourth dimension, Tonto rides a white horse called White Feller. In "Four Day Ride" (Baronial five, 1938), Tonto is given a pigment horse by his friend Chief Thundercloud, who then takes White Feller. Tonto rides this horse and refers to him simply equally "Pigment Horse" for several episodes. The horse is finally named Lookout man in "Border Dope Smuggling" (September 2, 1938). In another episode, however, the Solitary Ranger, in a surge of conscience, releases Silverish back to the wild. The episode ends with Silver returning, bringing along a companion that becomes Tonto's horse Scout.

In an repeat of the Lone Ranger's line, Tonto oftentimes says, "Git-um upward, Scout!" (The phrase became so well embedded in the Lone Ranger mythos that International Harvester used information technology as an advertizement line to promote their Scout utility vehicle in the 1970s.) In the Format Films blithe cartoon, which ran from 1966 to 1968, Tonto also had an hawkeye he called Taka, and installments that focused exclusively on him or had him team upwards with the Solitary Ranger concluded with his saying, "Fly, Taka! On, Lookout!" (Those where he teamed with the Solitary Ranger had the Ranger following this up with the customary "Hi-yo, Silver! Abroad!")

Original radio series [edit]

Lone Ranger
Created by	George Trendle
Written by	Fran Striker
No. of episodes	2956

The creators of the grapheme were George Trendle (manager of WXYZ radio station) and writer Fran Striker.^[21]

The offset of two,956 radio episodes of The Alone Ranger premiered on WXYZ, a radio station serving Detroit, Michigan, on January 31, 1933.^[22] ^[23] Equally Dunning writes in On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Fourth dimension Radio:

There may have been a few late-night on-air shakedown shows prior to the official January 31, 1933 premiere engagement. Lacking concrete evidence, [Lone Ranger authority Terry] Salomonson is inclined to doubt it. "There is aught in any of the Detroit papers to indicate this, just that in itself doesn't hateful much. The papers didn't even listing the bear witness in their radio logs at first."^[23]

The show was an firsthand success.^[iv] Though it was aimed at children, adults made upwards at least half the audience.^[4] ^[8] ^[24] Information technology became so pop, information technology was picked up by the Common Broadcasting Arrangement and, on May 2, 1942,^[25] past NBC'due south Blue Network, which in time became ABC.^[26]

Past 1939, some 20 million Americans were listening to the program.^[21] Information technology too had numerous listeners in other countries.^[27]

Introductions [edit]

An journalist introduced each episode with the following, which was sometimes changed to reflect the storyline of the episode:

In the early days of the western Usa, a masked human and an Indian rode the plains, searching for truth and justice. Render with the states at present to those thrilling days of yesteryear, when from out of the past come up the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Argent! The Lone Ranger rides again!

By the time it was on ABC at 7:30 pm Eastern, the introduction, voiced by Fred Foy, had become "Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear", followed past, "From out of the due west with the speed of light and a hearty 'Hullo-yo, Silver!'" The intro was later changed to:

A peppery horse with the speed of light, a deject of dust and a hearty Howdy-Yo Silver! The Lone Ranger! ... With his faithful Indian companion Tonto, the daring and resourceful masked rider of the plains led the fight for law and lodge in the early western United States! Nowhere in the pages of history can 1 find a greater champion of justice! Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear! From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again!

This was followed past Brace Beemer's voice, declaring, "Come up on, Argent! Let's get, big young man! Hi-yo, Silver! Away!"

Bandage [edit]

The Lone Ranger was played by several actors:

John L. Barrett, on test broadcasts on WEBR in Jan 1933;
George Seaton (under the name George Stenius) (January 31 – May 9, 1933);
Serial director James Jewell, for one episode;
An actor known only by the pseudonym "Jack Deeds", for 1 episode;
Earle Graser (May 16, 1933 – April seven, 1941). On April 8, Graser died in a car accident; and, for v episodes, the Lonely Ranger was unable to speak beyond a whisper, with Tonto carrying the action. In addition, 6 episodes broadcast in Baronial 1938 did not include the Lone Ranger's voice other than an occasional "Hullo-Yo Silver!" in the background.^[28] In those episodes, Tonto carried the dialog;
Caryatid Beemer (Apr 18, 1941 to the end), who had been the bear witness's deep-voiced announcer for several years;
Fred Foy (March 29, 1954), also an journalist on the show, took over the role for one broadcast when Beemer had laryngitis.

Tonto was played throughout the run past actor John Todd (although in a few isolated occasions, he was replaced by Roland Parker, improve known as Kato for much of the run of sister serial The Light-green Hornet). Other supporting players were selected from Detroit area actors and studio staff. These included Jay Michael (who also played the lead on Challenge of the Yukon, or Sgt. Preston of the Yukon), Bill Saunders (as various villains, including Butch Cavendish), Paul Hughes (as the Ranger'southward friend Thunder Martin and as diverse army colonels and badmen), hereafter picture show star John Hodiak, Janka Fasciszewska (nether the name Jane Fae), and Rube Weiss and Liz Weiss (later a married couple, both actors in several radio and television programs in Detroit, Rube unremarkably taking on villain roles on the "Ranger", and Liz playing damsels in distress). The part of nephew Dan Reid was played by various kid actors, including Bob Martin, James Lipton, and Dick Beals.

Music [edit]

The theme music was primarily taken from the "March of the Swiss Soldiers" finale of Gioachino Rossini's William Tell Overture, which thus came to be inseparably associated with the serial. The theme was conducted by Daniel Pérez Castañeda,^[29] with the softer parts excerpted from Die Moldau, composed by Bedřich Smetana.

Many other classical selections were used equally incidental music, including Wagner's Flying Dutchman Overture, Bizet's Symphony in C, Mendelssohn'due south Fingal's Cave Overture, Emil von Řezníček's Donna Diana Overture, Liszt'south Les préludes, Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture and music by Schubert.^[thirty] Classical music was originally used because it was in the public domain, thus allowing production costs to be kept low while providing a broad range of music as needed without the price of a composer.

In the belatedly 1930s, Trendle caused the rights to use incidental music from Republic Pictures motion picture serials as part of a deal for Republic to produce a serial based (loosely) on the Lone Ranger. This music was then modified by NBC radio arranger Ben Bonnell and recorded in United mexican states to avert American union rules. This music was used in both the radio and later telly shows.^[29]

The Dark-green Hornet [edit]

The radio series inspired a spinoff chosen The Light-green Hornet, which depicts the son of the Solitary Ranger's nephew Dan,^[31] Britt Reid, originally played by Al Hodge, who in contemporary times, fights crime with a similar secret identity and a sidekick, Kato. I major difference betwixt the 2 characters is that everyone considers the Green Hornet to be a bad guy. Reid embraces this persona, thus enabling him to infiltrate real offense syndicates, while secretly aiding the police.

In the Green Hornet comic book serial published by At present Comics, the Lone Ranger makes a cameo appearance past being in a portrait in the Reid home. Opposite to well-nigh visual media depictions, and acknowledged by programmer/original script writer Ron Fortier to be the result of legal complications,^[32] his mask covers all of his face, as it did in the two serials from Republic Pictures (meet below). However, rights to The Lonely Ranger and The Dark-green Hornet accept been acquired past split up owners and the familial link has been ignored in the Western character's various incarnations. The Lonely Ranger – Dark-green Hornet connexion is part of Philip José Farmer's Wold Newton Universe, which connects disparate fictional characters.

Hi-Yo Silvery!, Kemo sabe, and other cultural tropes [edit]

At the starting time of each episode, the magnificent white stallion, Silver, would rear upwardly with the Lone Ranger on his back, and so they would dash off, the Ranger encouragingly shouting, "Hi-Yo, Silvery!"^[33] Tonto could occasionally be heard to urge on his mountain by calling out, "Become 'em up, Picket!" At the end of each episode, mission completed, one of the characters would always ask the sheriff or other potency, "Who was that masked man?" When it was explained, "Oh, he's the Lone Ranger!", the Ranger and Tonto would be seen galloping off with the weep, "Hi-Yo, Silverish! Away!" catching the attention of ane of the townspeople crossing the street.

Tonto usually referred to the Lone Ranger as "Kemo sabe", described as meaning either "true-blue friend," or "trusty scout".^[13] ^[34] It is more likely the word derives from the Anishinaabe language. Gimoozaabi is said to mean "he looks out in secret."^[35] These catchphrases, the Ranger's trademark silver bullets, and the theme music from the William Tell Overture have become tropes of popular culture.^{[ citation needed ]}

Film serials [edit]

Republic Pictures released 2 serials starring the Solitary Ranger. The first, released in 1938, utilized several actors playing unlike men portraying the masked hero, with the true Lone Ranger unknown to the audience until the conclusion; the character played past Lee Powell is ultimately revealed to be the Lone Ranger. The second serial, The Lone Ranger Rides Again, was released in 1939 and starred Robert Livingston. Tonto was played in both by Victor Daniels, billed as Principal Thundercloud.

Telly [edit]

The Lone Ranger is a TV evidence that aired for 8 seasons, from 1949 to 1957, and starred Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels every bit Tonto. Only v of the eight seasons had new episodes. It was the ABC television network'south showtime big hit of the early 1950s.^[21] Moore's tenure as the Ranger is probably the best-known handling of the franchise.^[36] Moore was replaced in the third season by John Hart,^[37] ^[38] but he returned for the final 2 seasons. The 5th and final flavor were shot in color. A total of 221 episodes were fabricated.

After the series ended, Moore continued to make public appearances equally the Lonely Ranger. In 1979, Jack Wrather, then owner of the rights to the character, obtained a restraining lodge against Moore, enjoining Moore from actualization in public in his mask.^[39] The actor began wearing oversized wraparound Foster Grant sunglasses, every bit a substitute for the mask. Moore later won a countersuit, allowing him to resume his costume.^[39]

The Return of the Lonely Ranger (1961) [edit]

In 1961 CBS produced Return of the Lone Ranger, starring Tex Hill, equally the pilot episode for a proposed TV serial.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Format Films animated cartoon, 1966 to 1968 [edit]

An animated series of The Lonely Ranger ran from 1966 to 1968 on CBS. It was produced by Herbert Klynn and Jules Engel of Format Films, Hollywood, and designed and animated at the Halas and Batchelor Cartoon Film studios in London, England. The evidence lasted thirty episodes; all the same, these were invariably separate into three separate shorts, with the eye segment being a solo adventure for Tonto, so that there were really 90 installments in all. The terminal episode aired on March 9, 1968.

These Lone Ranger adventures were similar in tone and nature to CBS's scientific discipline fiction Western, The Wild Wild West, in that the plots were baroque and had elements of science-fiction and steampunk engineering science thrown in. Even the Alone Ranger'south greatest enemy in the animated series was a dwarf, like to James T. W'due south greatest enemy, Dr. Miguelito Loveless. He was called Tiny Tom, and was voiced past Dick Beals. This animated cartoon was credited as being a Jack Wrather production, and it provided the start exposure many 1960s children had to the characters.

The Lone Ranger's voice was provided past Michael Rye, who had portrayed Jack Armstrong, the All-American Male child on radio. Shepard Menken played Tonto. The narrator in the opening title was Marvin Miller. Other "guest voices" were provided by Paul Winchell, Agnes Moorehead and Hans Conried.

The Tarzan/Lonely Ranger Adventure Hour, early 1980s [edit]

The Solitary Ranger was featured, along with Zorro and Tarzan, in Adventure Hour cartoon shorts in the early 1980s, produced by Filmation. These episodes featured William Conrad every bit the vocalization of the Masked Human, although he was listed in the credits every bit "J. Darnoc" (Conrad spelled backwards). This series took a more realistic tone with a heavily historical context to include an educational element to the stories, even though there were several episodes that did characteristic elements of scientific discipline fiction (much similar the before cartoons from the 1960s). There were 14 episodes, combining two adventures in each episode, for a full of 28 stories. Though Conrad was the main voice featured, other noted vocalism actors in the Filmation series include an uncredited Lou Scheimer, Frank Welker, and Michael Bell.

The Lonely Ranger (2003) [edit]

In 2003, the WB network aired a two-60 minutes Lone Ranger Tv set moving-picture show, starring Chad Michael Murray as the Alone Ranger. The Boob tube movie served every bit the pilot for a possible new serial. However, the movie was greeted unenthusiastically; the proper name of the secret identity of the Lone Ranger was changed from "John Reid" to "Luke Hartman", and while an empty grave was still aslope those of the five dead Rangers, its supposed occupant was unidentified, and the hero maintained his unmasked identity, equally well, becoming a cowboy version of Zorro, as in the first film series. Ultimately, the project was shelved, with the pilot aired in telefilm course during the summertime flavour due to Murray'southward popularity with the target audition of the network.

Other appearances [edit]

Clayton Moore appeared in character in an episode of Lassie in 1958. John Hart appeared in an episode of Happy Days. An episode of The Greatest American Hero, titled, "My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys," had a special appearance by John Hart as The Lone Ranger. In the story, superhero Ralph Hinkley is despondent over his failures, and considers giving upward, until he is encouraged by Hart'southward retelling of the Solitary Ranger's exploits.^{[ citation needed ]}

Films [edit]

Clayton Moore series [edit]

After the terminate of the tv set series, Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels starred in 2 feature films, The Solitary Ranger in 1956 and The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold in 1958.

The Lone Ranger and the Peace Patrol [edit]

In 1958 the Alone Ranger appeared in the 8-minute-long documentary, "The Solitary Ranger and the Peace Patrol". Presented and narrated by Clayton Moore, it revolves around purchasing U.S. Savings Stamps, a kid'due south version of Savings Bonds. The master focus is to go children to invest in the stamps. The narrated segment culminates with the inaugural ceremonies on the grounds of the Washington Memorial earlier a oversupply of thousands of children and their parents.^[40]

Other Lone Rangers [edit]

The Fable of the Lone Ranger (1981) [edit]

At the fourth dimension of the 1981 release of the film The Fable of the Lone Ranger, the visitor owning the rights to the grapheme, Wrather Corp., filed a lawsuit and obtained a court injunction to prevent Clayton Moore from actualization equally the Lone Ranger,^[41] so gave a cameo to his TV replacement, John Hart. The picture itself was a critical and commercial failure. Information technology starred Klinton Spilsbury in his only motion picture appearance. His lines were overdubbed by James Keach.^[42] The part of Tonto was played past Michael Horse.

Moore, who never appeared publicly without his mask, was enjoined in the lawsuit from wearing it and, in protest, he began wearing oversized sunglasses that were the approximate size and shape of the mask.^[43] In a sequence in the movie, John Reid, a newly graduated attorney, is travelling due west in a stagecoach to encounter his brother. Another passenger announces his intent to brand his fortune from his invention of sunglasses. The stage is robbed and the inventor killed. As John Reid lays the dead human on the floor with the cleaved night glasses, nonetheless some other passenger says, "So much for American opportunity."

The Solitary Ranger (2013) [edit]

In 2013, Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films released The Lone Ranger, starring Armie Hammer every bit the Lone Ranger and Johnny Depp as Tonto.^[44] Directed by Gore Verbinski, the film is an origin story of the ii characters and explores the duo's efforts to subdue the immoral actions of the corrupt, and to bring them to justice, in the American Former West. The film, produced with an estimated budget of $225 million, was received negatively by American critics and performed poorly at the box office.^[45]

Other media [edit]

The serial also inspired numerous comic books, books, and gramophone records.

Novels [edit]

The first Lone Ranger novel appeared in 1936, and eventually 18 volumes were published, as listed below. The start volume was written by Gaylord Dubois, but the others were written by the grapheme'south primary developer, Fran Striker. Striker likewise re-edited and rewrote parts of later editions of the outset novel. First published between 1936 and 1956 in hardback past Grosset and Dunlap, these stories were reprinted in 1978 by Pinnacle Books.

In 2012, Moonstone Books published the novel The Lone Ranger: Vendetta, written by Howard Hopkins.

The Alone Ranger (1936)
The Lone Ranger and the Mystery Ranch (1938)
The Lonely Ranger and the Gold Robbery (1939)
The Lone Ranger and the Outlaw Stronghold (1939)
The Alone Ranger and Tonto (1940)
The Lone Ranger at the Haunted Gulch (1941)
The Lone Ranger Traps the Smugglers (1941)
The Solitary Ranger Rides Again (1943)
The Lonely Ranger Rides North (1943)
The Lonely Ranger and the Argent Bullet (1948)
The Alone Ranger on Powderhorn Trail (1949)
The Solitary Ranger in Wild Horse Canyon (1950)
The Lone Ranger West of Maverick Pass (1951)
The Lone Ranger on Gunsight Mesa (1952)
The Lone Ranger and the Biting Bound Feud (1953)
The Lone Ranger and the Code of the West (1954)
The Lone Ranger and Trouble on the Santa Atomic number 26 (1955)
The Lone Ranger on Red Butte Trail (1956)

Non considered part of the 18 series:

The Lone Ranger Rides (1941) (Fran Striker) Showtime published in 1941 by Putnam Books
The Lone Ranger: Vendetta (2012) (Howard Hopkins), ISBN 978-1936814152

Big Little Books [edit]

From 1935 to 1950, 13 Large Trivial Books were published.

The Lone Ranger and his Horse Silver (1935)
The Alone Ranger and the Vanishing Herd (1936)
The Lonely Ranger and the Underground Killer (1937)
The Lonely Ranger and the Menace of Murder Valley (1938)
The Alone Ranger and the Lost Valley (1938)
The Lone Ranger and Expressionless Men's Mine (1939)
The Lone Ranger and the Blackness Shirt Highwayman (1939)
The Lone Ranger and the Red Renegades (1939)
The Lone Ranger Follows Through (1941)
The Lone Ranger and the Cloak-and-dagger Weapon (1943)
The Lone Ranger on the Barbary Coast (1944)
The Lone Ranger and the Silver Bullets (1946)
The Lone Ranger and the Surreptitious of Somber Cavern (1950)

Lilliputian Aureate Books [edit]

Three Lilliputian Golden Books were published.

The Solitary Ranger (1956)
The Solitary Ranger and Tonto (1957)
The Alone Ranger and the Talking Pony (1958)

Anthologies [edit]

In, 1993, Perennial published the anthology The Alone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Sky, a collection of short stories by Sherman Alexie.

In 2012, Moonstone Books published the anthology The Lone Ranger Chronicles, edited by Matthew Baugh Starr with stories by Johnny. D Boggs, James Reasoner, Mel Odom, Beak Crider, Matthew Baugh, Tim Lasiuta, Joe Gentile, Paul Kupperberg, Dennis O'Neil, Kent Conwell, David McDonald, Thom Brannon, Troy D. Smith, Chuck Dixon, and Richard Dean Starr, stories incorporating famous characters of the western, such as Cisco Kid, Wyatt Earp and Medico Holliday.

The Alone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Sky, 1993, Perennial, ISBN 978-0-06-097624-8
The Lone Ranger Chronicles, album edited by Matthew Baugh Starr, 2012, Moonstone Books, ISBN 978-1936814237

Paper strip [edit]

Rex Features Syndicate distributed a newspaper strip of the Lone Ranger from September 1938 to December 1971. Fran Striker himself initially scripted the feature, just time constraints soon required him to quit, replaced by Bob Green, later followed by Paul S. Newman and others.^[46] The original creative person was Ed Kressy, merely he was replaced in 1939 past Charles Flemish region [fr] who drew the strip until its conclusion.^[47]

In 1981, the New York Times Syndicate launched a second Lone Ranger strip, written by Cary Bates with fine art past Russ Heath.^[48] It ran until 1984. In 1993 Pure Imagination Publishing nerveless 2 of the storylines and put them in a comic book.

Comic books [edit]

Embrace of The Lone Ranger#1 (Jan–February 1948), the first comic volume version of the character published past Dell Comics. Art by Mo Gollub

Western Publishing, with its publishing partner Dell Comics, originally published some stand-alone "Lone Ranger" stories in 4 of Dell's "Large Feature Comics" (1939-1941) and in seven bug of Dell's "Iv Color Comics" series (1945-1947). ("Solitary Ranger" stories too appeared in miscellaneous issues of Ace Comics, March of Comics, Future Comics, Rex Comics and Magic Comics, all album-type comic book titles.^[49])

In 1948, Dell launched an actual "Lone Ranger" comic book title which began with #1 and lasted for 145 problems. This serial originally consisted of reprints from the paper strips (as had all previous comic volume appearances of the character in various titles from David McKay Publications and from Dell). However, new stories by writer Paul S. Newman and artist Tom Gill began with issue #38 (Baronial 1951). Some original content was presented as early on every bit #seven (January 1949), merely these were non-Lone Ranger fillers. Newman and Gill produced the serial until its final issue, #145 (July 1962).^[50]

Tonto got his own spin-off title in 1951, which lasted 31 issues. Such was the Ranger's popularity at the time that even his horse Argent had a comic book, The Lone Ranger'south Famous Equus caballus Hi-Yo Silverish, starting in 1952 and running 34 issues; writer Gaylord DuBois wrote and developed Silver as a hero in his ain right. In addition, Dell too published 3 big Lone Ranger annuals, as well equally an adaptation of the 1956 theatrical movie.

The Dell series came to an stop in 1962. Afterwards that same yr, Western Publishing concluded its publishing partnership with Dell Comics and started its own comic book banner, Gilded Fundamental Comics. The new imprint launched its ain Lone Ranger title in 1964. Initially reprinting textile from the Dell run, original content did not brainstorm until issue #22 in 1975, and the magazine itself folded with #28 in 1977.^[51] Additionally the same year, AB published a 3-role Swedish Lone Ranger story in Hemmets Journal.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1994, Topps Comics produced a four-result miniseries, The Lone Ranger and Tonto, written by Joe R. Lansdale and drawn past Timothy Truman.^[52] 1 of the major changes in this series was the characterization of Tonto, who was now shown to be a very witty, outspoken, and sarcastic graphic symbol, fifty-fifty willing to punch the Solitary Ranger during a heated argument, and commenting on his past pop-civilisation depictions with the words, "Of course, quimo sabe. Maybe when we talk I should use that 'me Tonto' stuff, the mode they write most me in the dime novels. You'd like that, wouldn't you?".^[53]

The first outcome of a new Lonely Ranger series from Dynamite Entertainment past Brett Matthews and Sergio Cariello shipped on September half-dozen, 2006. It was started as a six-issue miniseries; merely due to its success, information technology has get an ongoing series by the same team. On September xv, 2006, Dynamite Amusement appear that The Lone Ranger #ane had sold out its first printing. A second press of the first event was appear; a first for the company.^[54] The series has received an Eisner Awards nomination for best new series in 2007. True West magazine awarded the publication the "Best Western Comic Book of the Year" in their 2009 Best of The West Source Volume! And in 2010 Dynamite released "The Lone Ranger Avenges the Death of Zorro".

The second volume of the series by Dynamite was issued in January 2012. Written by Ande Parks and drawn by Esteve Polls, information technology ran for a total of 25 numbers, with the terminal result being released in June 2014.^[55]

Apart from the ongoing series, Dynamite released several miniseries starring the Solitary Ranger, such as The Lone Ranger and Tonto (iv issues, written by Brett Matthews; John Abrams with art by Mario Guevara) in 2008; Ophidian of Iron, a five-part by Chuck Dixon and Steve Polls published in 2012, and Vindicated, 4 issues by Justin Grayness and Rey Villegas in 2014.

In 2016, The Lone Ranger teamed-up with the Green Hornet in a 5-role miniseries written past Michael Uslan with art by Giovani Timpano.^[56] ^[57]

A Dynamite "Lone Ranger" third volume, written by Marking Russell and drawn by Bob Q, was released in October 2018 and ran 5 issues.^[58]

Merchandise Paperback Collections [edit]

All of them from Dynamite Entertainment, include:

The Lone Ranger Vol. one (160 pages, Collects The Lone Ranger #one–half dozen)
The Lone Ranger Vol. 2 Lines Non Crossed (128 pages, Collects The Lone Ranger #7–eleven)
The Lone Ranger Vol. 3 Scorched Earth (144 pages, Collects The Lonely Ranger #12–xvi)
The Lone Ranger Vol. 4 Resolve (Collects The Lone Ranger #17–25)
The Lone Ranger Vol. v Hard Country (Collects The Solitary Ranger Volume 2 #ane–six)
The Lonely Ranger Vol. vi Native Ground (Collects The Lone Ranger Volume 2 #seven–12)
The Lone Ranger & Tonto (128 pages)
The Lonely Ranger: Ophidian of Iron (92 pages)
The Lone Ranger Jitney (632 pages)
The Alone Ranger: Vindicated (112 pages)
The Solitary Ranger: Death of Zorro (128 pages)

The Lone Ranger (Pulp) Magazine [edit]

In 1937, 8 issues of The Lone Ranger Magazine (pulps) were published by Trojan Publishing, with stories written by Fran Striker.^[59] The series was recently reprinted as facsimiles past Adventure House Publishing.^[60] ^[61]

1930s drawing [edit]

In late 1930s Roy Meredith produced the first-known animated film based on Lone Ranger, in this silent movie The Alone Ranger and Tonto capture a ring of cattle rustlers and salvage the life of the rancher.^[62]

This cartoon was produced by Pathegrams on 16mm film and sold to the abode market and libraries, which often showed cartoons as a prelude to the feature films they would play for children, much as they do videos now. It was a silent film, like most films produced for the home market in those days, and had dialog written on title cards, just as films of the silent era.

Video game [edit]

A video game version of The Lone Ranger was released by Konami for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in 1991. It is an activeness adventure game featuring three different perspectives: side-scrolling, overhead, and kickoff-person exploration. The game loosely follows the plot of the 1981 film The Legend of the Lonely Ranger, with the ultimate goal existence the rescue of the President of the United states of america, whom the Lone Ranger'southward nemesis, "Butch" Cavendish, has kidnapped.

Trade [edit]

Premiums [edit]

The Lonely Ranger program offered many radio premiums, including the Lone Ranger Six-Shooter Ring and the Lone Ranger Deputy Bluecoat. Some used a silver bullet motif. One ring had a miniature of one of his six-guns atop it, with a flint and hitting wheel, every bit used in cigarette lighters, so that "fanning" the miniature pistol would produce a shower of sparks. During Globe War 2, the premiums adapted to the times. In 1942, the programme offered the Kix Blackout Kit.

Some premiums were rather anachronistic for a 19th-century hero. In 1947, the program offered the Kix Diminutive Flop Ring, as well known to collectors equally the Lone Ranger Atom Flop Ring.^[63] This band was a miniature spinthariscope that actually had a small-scale amount of polonium-210 in it, which emitted alpha particles to produce scintillations on the zinc sulfide outer part of the ring. With its tailfin slice removed, though, the "bomb" body looked like a argent bullet.

The sponsor was Full general Mills, with its breakfast-cereal products: Cheerios, Wheaties, and Kix. In 1947, Cheerios produced a line of Frontier Town cereal boxes with the Lone Ranger likeness on the front of the box. Different versions of the boxes would accept Frontier Boondocks buildings on their backs to cut out. 1 could likewise transport in ten cents and a box-elevation to get each of the 4 map sections of the town. These, equally well as nine unlike boxes, were needed to complete the paper-thin Frontier Town.

Toys and games [edit]

Also the premiums offered in connection with the radio serial, in that location take been many Solitary Ranger commercial toys released over the years. 1 of the nearly successful was a line of 10-inch action figures and accessories released by Gabriel Toys in 1973. Lath games were released past Parker Brothers: The Lonely Ranger Game, in 1938,^[64] and The New Lone Ranger Game, in 1956.^[65]

Parodies and spoofs [edit]

In the 1939 Looney Tunes The Lonely Stranger and Porky, supervised past Bob Clampett, the masked human being comes to the rescue of stagecoach driver in distress, Porky Grunter.^[66]

In 1940, Hugh Harman made a Lone Ranger parody for MGM Cartoons titled The Lonesome Stranger.^[67]

Jay Silverheels appeared equally Tonto on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson in a comedy sketch in which Carson is interviewing Tonto for employment. The audio portion of this sketch was included in the LP Here's Johnny: Magic Moments from the This night Show, released by Casablanca Records in 1974.

Both Clayton Moore and Silverheels appeared as the Lone Ranger and Tonto in a commercial for Jeno's Pizza Rolls produced by ad human being/satirist Stan Freberg. The commercial was a spoof of a then-electric current commercial for Distraction cigarettes which also used the William Tell overture theme music.

A recorded routine by comic Lenny Bruce formed the basis for the 1971 animated cartoon, Cheers Mask Man, produced by John Magnuson Assembly. This was an adult humor routine, comically implying a gay relationship between the Ranger and Tonto.

Parody versions of The Lone Ranger (called Solitary Rider) and Tonto appear equally main characters in 1971 Finnish western one-act The Unhanged (Hirttämättömät). They were played by Vesa-Matti Loiri and Simo Salminen.

The Height Ranger is a parody produced by Disney starring Mickey Mouse (Pinnacle Ranger) and Goofy (Tonto-lone), with the script and drawing by Marco Gervasio and published in an Italian comic volume, Topolino #3005 (July two, 2013).^[68]

"The Provolone Ranger", an episode of the Super Mario Bros. Super Show, featured Mario donning a mask to fight outlaws aslope of a speedy companion named Pronto. In a spoof of the Lone Ranger's habit of leaving before those whom he has helped can thank him, the episode ends with Mario returning to collect a reward of pasta.

In "Wild Westward Rangers", a two-function episode of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Pink Ranger Kimberly Hart (Amy Jo Johnson) falls backwards through fourth dimension to the Quondam Westward, where she meets look-alike ancestors of her fellow Power Rangers and other characters in the show. A hero called the White Stranger, a mask-less duplicate of Kimberly's boyfriend Tommy Oliver, the White Ranger (played by Jason David Frank) rides to the rescue on more than i occasion when danger threatens.

In "Who Was That Mashed Man", a 1987 episode from the fifth season of Night Court, an one-time actor who had played a Lone Ranger-esque character named the Red Ranger was being sued to prevent his appearing in public in costume by a moving picture company seeking to release a new movie based on the Red Ranger.

In The Land Earlier Time VI: The Underground of Saurus Rock (1998), the 6th motion-picture show in The Land Earlier Time franchise, Littlefoot's granddad tells the children, the legend nigh "The Alone Dinosaur", a legendary Longneck who protected the Great Valley from the most ferocious Sharptooth to ever live. During the fight, the Sharptooth was killed and the Lone Dinosaur suffered a scar across his right eye. Soon after the battle, a huge monolith resembling a sauropod with life-sized Sharptooth teeth arranged effectually his neck came out of the basis during an earthquake. In the series Dr. returns in the first episode of the 2d series, in search of his lady friend, Dara.

In Veggietales, at that place is an episode that is a retelling of the story of Moses leading the Hebrews out of Book of Exodus from the Bible and a sequel to the Carol of Petty Joe and a parody of the Lone Ranger called "Moe and the Big Exit" with Larry the Cucumber as the Lone Stranger who is the parody of the Alone Ranger and is the episodes equivalent to the Bible's Moses in the episode.

Ownership [edit]

From its inception, George Westward. Trendle had legal ownership of the Lone Ranger and characters associated with the Lone Ranger through his visitor, The Solitary Ranger, Inc. Trendle sold The Lonely Ranger, Inc. to oil homo and film producer Jack Wrather in 1954 for $3 one thousand thousand. Subsequently Wrather died in 1984, his widow, Bonita Granville, sold the Wrather Productions backdrop to Southbrook International Tv Co. in 1985 for $10 meg.^[69] ^[70] ^[71] Broadway Video acquired the rights in 1994. Classic Media caused the rights in 2000. DreamWorks Animation caused Classic Media in 2012 and renamed the division DreamWorks Classics,^[72] which was acquired by NBCUniversal in 2016 for $3.viii billion. Its Universal Pictures unit of measurement currently has the rights to the Lone Ranger.^[73]

Possible inspirations [edit]

John R. Hughes [edit]

The graphic symbol was originally believed to be inspired past Texas Ranger Captain John R. Hughes, to whom the book The Solitary Star Ranger by Zane Grey was defended in 1915.^[74] John R. Hughes was built-in on February 11, 1855, in Henry County, Illinois. At xiv years old, he fabricated his way into Indian Territory and lived among the Choctaw, Osage, and Comanche.^[75] In 1886, at 31 years old, Hughes killed a number of men for stealing his and a neighbor'southward horses, and for a number of months, trailed the ones whom he did not kill. This would mark his start time actively participating in bounty hunter-like activities. Not long afterwards that in 1887, Hughes assisted Texas Ranger Ira Aten in tracking and killing an escaped murderer. A month after, he was persuaded to join the ranks of the Rangers and served along the southwest borders of Texas, and at 38 years old, Hughes became the captain of Company D. Frontier Battalion. He went on to retire in 1915, subsequently serving 28 years as a Ranger. He was dying and chose to stop his own life at 92 years quondam on June 3, 1947, and was cached in Austin, Texas.^[76]

Many could chronicle John Hughes to existence the Lone Ranger due to his career as an actual Texas Ranger, and considering he actually lived in Texas, dissimilar others who accept been cited every bit possibilities. He learned the languages of the Native American tribes that he lived among for some fourth dimension, which could make him a more competent ranger when traveling familiar territory to track downward criminals and requite him the ability to communicate with other native people. He went on to capture and impale many criminals without e'er being injured in his 28 years equally a Ranger.^[77]

Bass Reeves [edit]

Some take suggested a possible historical inspiration was Bass Reeves, the showtime Black deputy U.South. Marshal west of the Mississippi River, although he was never a Ranger nor did he e'er live in Texas.^[78] Reeves was born into slavery in Grayson County, Texas in 1838. Taken by his owner, George Reeves, to join the Civil State of war. The details surrounding his escape are unclear. Some accounts claim he brutally beat George Reeves during his escape. Bass Reeves spent the remainder of the war in Indian Territory, in what would become Oklahoma.^[79]

After the Ceremonious War, Reeves was appointed as a U.S. Align in Indian Territory. This was uncommon for freedmen, especially in the South due to the Jim Crow laws of the Reconstruction Era. Despite this, Reeves worked as a Align for 32 years before he took a job in the Muskogee Police Section in 1907. This did not last long, however, every bit Reeves was diagnosed with Vivid's disease, which eventually took his life in 1910. Bass Reeves is cached in Union Agency Cemetery in Muskogee, Oklahoma.^[lxxx]

Speculation of Reeves' inspiration for the Lonely Ranger originated in a 2006 Reeves biography by historian Art T. Burton, Black Gun, Silverish Star. ^[81] Burton wrote, "Bass Reeves is the closest real person to resemble the Lone Ranger." Burton documents that Reeves' career as a constable was widely known and celebrated in his time and cites many similarities between Reeves and the Alone Ranger. Amid those were: wearing disguises, having a Native American partner, riding a white or grey horse, giving out silver keepsakes, and possessing legendary marksmanship and horsemanship skills.^[82] This theory is disputed for a number of reasons. Among them was the common practice of U.S. Marshals working in Indian territories to have Indian assistants. Some other widespread practice of that era was using argent dollars equally payments or tributes. Critics of the Bass theory also bespeak out that it was common for pulp fiction writers to portray heroes as masked individuals.^[83] ^[84] Other suggested inspirations were Zorro and Robin Hood.^[85]

References [edit]

^ The Green Hornet, Martin Grams, Jr. and Terry Salomonson, 2010, pp. five-6
^ His Typewriter Grew Spurs, Fran Striker Jr., 1983
^ ^a ^b "The Lone Ranger". Museum of Circulate Communications. Archived from the original on March 12, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "The Lone Ranger". Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Radio: The Masked Rider". Time. Jan fourteen, 1952. Archived from the original on November i, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
^ Stephanie Stassel (Dec 29, 1999). "Clayton Moore, TV's 'Lone Ranger,' Dies". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved Oct 19, 2009.
^ Kit, Borys (March 27, 2008). "Disney preps 'Lone Ranger' remake". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dennis McLellan (June 9, 1993). "A Gathering of Kemo Sabes : Tv'south Lone Ranger, Fans Return to Those Thrilling Days of Yesteryear". Los Angeles Times.
^ His Typewriter Grew Spurs, 1983
^ WYXIE Wonderland, Dick Osgood, 1981
^ |LONE RANGER DEAD, Auto Striking TRAILER|Radio in Transition |New York Times April 9, 1941
^ Lachno, James (June 2, 2011). "The Lonely Ranger: 10 things you never knew". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
^ ^a ^b The Lone Ranger Season ane Episodes 2, 3, 4 "Enter the Lone Ranger", "The Lone Ranger Fights on", "The Lone Ranger Triumphs", 1949
^ The Lone Ranger, "Pilot Episode"
^ ^a ^b "The Lone Ranger: Justice from Exterior the Law". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
^ "The Lone Ranger: F.A.Q." Weird Science-Fantasy Spider web Links . Retrieved July one, 2015.
^ Frank Buxton and Bill Owen, Radio's Golden Age: The Programs and the Personalities ([New York]: Easton Valley Printing, 1966): 209.
^ 20th Anniversary Bear witness. Lonerangerfanclub.com (MP3). Retrieved July 25, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Van Hise, James, Who was that Masked Human? The Story of the Solitary Ranger (Pioneer Books, Las Vegas, 1990), pp. 16–18.
^ Jim Harmon, The Not bad Radio Heroes, Doubleday, 1967
^ ^a ^b ^c "'The Lone Ranger' debuts on Detroit radio". History.com . Retrieved July 26, 2020.
^ Terry Salomonson; Martin Grams, Jr. (2021). The Lone Ranger: The Early on Years, 1933–1937. OTR Publishing. p. 87. Although the premiere was scheduled for Mon, January 30, the program was pushed back to Tuesday, January 31, as function of [WXYZ]'due south ninety-minute dedicatory programme.
^ ^a ^b Dunning, p. 407
^ "The Alone Ranger". RadioSpirits.com. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
^ Dunning, p. 404
^ Male monarch, Susan (Nov 12, 2008). "'Lone Ranger' dorsum in the saddle". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 1, 2010.
^ "Alone Ranger Expressionless, Motorcar Hit Trailer; New York Times obituary". Radio in Transition. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
^ from "Conspiracy for Revenge" (aired August 8, 1938) to "Kleptomaniacal Sheriff" (aired 1938-08-19)
^ ^a ^b Music of The Lone Ranger CD liner notes past Graham Newton, 1992.
^ Jim Harmon, The Great Radio Heroes (McFarland, 2001), p. 162.
^ "Also Hot As well Handle," The Green Hornet (radio series) (November 11, 1947), ABC radio network.
^ Murray, Will, "Where Hornets Swarm", Comics Scene, # nine, (October) 1989, Starlog Communications, Inc., p. 41.
^ Striker, Fran (1941). The Lonely Ranger Rides. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. passim. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
^ Brewers Lexicon of 20th Century Phrase and Fable.
^ Rhodes, Richard (1996). Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary. New York: Mouton De Gruyer. p. dorsum cover. ISBNiii-11-013749-6.
^ McLellan, Dennis (June 12, 1993). "After 60 Years, the Solitary Ranger Still Lives". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 27, 2010.
^ McLellan, Dennis (September 22, 2009). "John Hart dies at 91; the other 'Lone Ranger'". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November i, 2010.
^ Moore, Clayton; Thompson, Frank (1998). I Was That Masked Human. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 130. ISBN978-0878332168.
^ ^a ^b "Who'southward That Masked Homo? Hi-Yo-It'south Clayton Moore!". Los Angeles Times. January 15, 1985.
^ The Lone Ranger Peace Patrol, 1958
^ Grant, Dell Omega (Jan 30, 1985). "Clayton Moore Back In Mask". Lifestyles. Chicago Tribune. Chicago. The New York Times News Service. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ "The Fable of the Lone Ranger". DVD Talk . Retrieved November ane, 2010.
^ Goldstein, Richard (December 29, 1999). "Clayton Moore, Television's Lone Ranger And a Persistent Masked Homo, Dies at 85". The New York Times . Retrieved January xiv, 2010.
^ Jenna Cooper (September 25, 2008). "Disney Announces Upcoming Films, Tron, Prince of Persia, and the Lone Ranger Starring Johnny Depp". UGO Networks . Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ Bowles, Scott. "'Despicable minions unseat 'Lone Ranger' at Theaters", The states Today, July 7, 2013. Retrieved on July 8, 2013.
^ Dan Scapperotti, "And so you are...Lone Ranger," Comics Scene, #9, (October) 1989, Starlog Communications International, Inc., p. 44 (also corroborates artists source).
^ "The Alone Ranger comic strip by Fran Striker". Kenpiercebooks.com. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
^ Lambiek comic shop and studio in Amsterdam, The netherlands (September 29, 1926). "Comic creator: Russ Heath". Lambiek.net. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
^ Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide 51st Edition; pg. 784. Gemstone Publ., 2021
^ The Lone Ranger (Dell, 1948 series) at the One thousand Comics Database.
^ The Lone Ranger (Gold Fundamental, 1964 series) at the Grand Comics Database.
^ Alone Ranger and Tonto, The (Topps, 1994 series) at the Grand Comics Database.
^ Sheyahshe, Michael A. (2008). Native Americans in Comic Books. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. pp. 124–126.
^ "Dynamite – The Official Site – The All-time of Vampirella Principal Series Omnibus Trade Paperback, George R.R. Martin'south A Clash of Kings, James Bond: Kill Chain, The Boys and More than!". Dynamiteentertainment.com . Retrieved September 22, 2017. ^{[ dead link ]}
^ The Lone Ranger vol. 2 at the GCD
^ Michael Uslan On Finally Making The Lonely Ranger / Dark-green Hornet Connectedness, interview past Dan Wickline on Bleeding Absurd website, September 28, 2016
^ The Solitary Ranger/Green Hornet at the GCD
^ "Mark Russell heads out west with Solitary Ranger". Multiversity. September eighteen, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
^ Tuska, John, A Variable Harvest: Essays and Reviews of Motion-picture show and Literature (McFarland, 1990), pp. 283
^ "The Alone Ranger Mag – 10/37 – Run a risk Business firm".
^ https://adventurehouse.com/shop/product-category/lone_ranger/
^ "1930s Lone Ranger Cartoon". Archive.org . Retrieved September 22, 2017 – via Internet Annal.
^ Reif, Rita. ARTS/ARTIFACTS; Trivia Long Ago, Serious Treasures Now. The New York Times. June 11, 1995.
^ "The Solitary Ranger Game (1938)". BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 26, 2019.
^ "The New Lone Ranger Game (1956)". BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 26, 2019.
^ "The Films of Bob Clampett". Library, Academy of California, Berkeley. 1996. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
^ "YouTube". Youtube.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
^ "Italy: Topolino (libretto) # 3005". Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved September 22, 2017.
^ Pando, Leo (Nov 22, 2010). An Illustrated History of Trigger: The Lives and Fable of Roy Rogers' Palomino. p. 203. ISBN9780786461110.
^ "Jack and Bonita Granville Wrather Papers". Oac.cdlib.org . Retrieved September 22, 2017.
^ "Los Angeles Times from Los Angeles, California on April 25, 1985 · 73". Newspapers.com . Retrieved July 25, 2018.
^ Verrier, Richard (July 23, 2012). "DreamWorks Animation buys 'Casper,' 'Lassie' parent Classic Media". Manufactures.latimes.com . Retrieved September 22, 2017.
^ "NBCUniversal Announces Conquering of DreamWorks Animation". Nbcuniversal.com. April 28, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
^ "Lone Ranger Research Connects the Dots to Cambridge", Mike Clark, CommunityCasts.com
^ "John Reynolds Hughes Papers". Austin History Heart . Retrieved November 11, 2020.
^ "John R. Hughes". Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved Nov 11, 2020.
^ Weiser-Alexander, Kathy (July 2019). "John Reynolds Hughes – Texas Ranger". Legends of America . Retrieved November eleven, 2020.
^ Sheena McKenzie. "Was this African American cop the inspiration for the Lonely Ranger?". Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved September 22, 2017.
^ "Bass Reeves". Encyclopædia Britannica. January eight, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
^ Helm, Matt (November 17, 2007). "BASS REEVES (1838-1910)". Blackness Past . Retrieved Nov 11, 2020.
^ Burton, Fine art T. (2008). Black Gun, Silver Star The Life and Fable of Frontier Align Bass Reeves. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Printing. ISBN978-0-8032-1747-eight.
^ "Was an African American Cop the Real Alone Ranger?". CNN. August half dozen, 2013. Retrieved Oct 13, 2018.
^ LaCapria, Kim (February thirteen, 2019). "Was the Original 'Lone Ranger' a Black Human?". TruthOrFiction.com . Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ Grams, Martin Jr. "Bass Reeves and The Solitary Ranger: Debunking the Myth, Part 1". Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ "The Clandestine History of the Solitary Ranger". Yahoo.com . Retrieved September 22, 2017.

External links [edit]

Lone Ranger at the National Radio Hall of Fame
The Lone Ranger Radio Series 1938–1956 (downloadable MP3 files)
The Lonely Ranger Rides (1941) at Project Gutenberg and LibriVox
Solitary Ranger at DreamWorks Classics
Death of the Lone Ranger at Snopes.com
Richard Goldstein (December 29, 1999). "Clayton Moore, Television's Alone Ranger and a Persistent Masked Man, Dies at 85". The New York Times . Retrieved January 14, 2010.
Masked Men: A Chronology of the Solitary Ranger and the Dark-green Hornet
Lone Ranger is available for free download at the Net Archive (an early on, one-hour Boob tube episode of The Lone Ranger that establishes the Ranger'southward origins)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Ranger

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